Chromosomes
- Usually in the form of chromatin
- Contains genetic information
- Composed of DNA
- Thicken for cellular division
- Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)
Nuclear membrane
- Surrounds nucleus of the cell
- Has two layers
- Is semi-permeable allowing only certain material in and out.
Nucleolus
- Control center of the cell.
- Holds the genome of genetic material (DNA).
Centrioles
- Involved in cellular division
- Help in the process of mitosis
Chloroplasts
- Found in plant cells and other autotrophs
- Contain green chlorophyll material and thylakoid discs
- The site of photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton
- Composed of microtubules
- Gives the cell structure and shape
- Helps with cell movement and cell to cell communication
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Membrane network that runs throughout the cell
- Runs through cytoplasm onto cell membrane
- Stores materials, separates the cell and transports materials throughout the cellransport system
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes
- Rough ER has ribosomes embedded in the membrane surface
Golgi apparatus
- Is known as the protein packaging plant
- Found near the nucleolus
-Sorts proteins for transport to other parts of the cell
- Made up of various membrane layers
Lysosome
- Contains digestive enzymes which break down proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
- Carries undigested material to the outer cell membrane for removal from the cell
- Digestive enzymes can cause cell damage if the lysosome is damaged or ruptures
Mitochondria
- Second largest organelle
- contains it’s own unique genome, different from the nuclear DNA
- Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae
- Energy-producing chemical reactions of cellular respiration take place on cristae
- Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis
- Made up of RNA complexes
- Accounts for 25% of each cell's mass
- Can be found embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Mobile ribosomes inject proteins directly into cytoplasm
Vacuoles
- Large Membrane sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
- Filled with a water solution
- Contractile vacuoles are used for water removal (in unicellular organisms)
Cell wall
- Most commonly found in plant cells
- Controls turgity
- Extracellular structure surrounds the plasma cell membrane
- Primary cell wall is elastic in nature allowing for cell growth.
- Secondary cell wall forms around the primary cell wall after growth is complete
Plasma membrane
- Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic
- Semi-Permeable allowing only certain things in and out
- Protein channels and receptors are found embedded in the membrane allowing materials to pass in and out.
- Membrane is made up of a phospholipid bi-layer.